Autoimmune diseases

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Autoimmune disease
Classification and external resources
ICD-9 279.4
OMIM 109100
DiseasesDB 28805
MedlinePlus 000816
MeSH D001327

Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body attacks its own cells. Autoimmune diseases are a major cause of immune-mediated diseases, and are commonly referred to as Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases (AIID).

Contents

Gender influence

Women tend to be affected more often by autoimmune disorders; nearly 79% of autoimmune disease patients in the USA are women. Also they tend to appear during or shortly after puberty. It is not known why this is the case, although hormone levels have been shown to affect the severity of some autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.[1] Other causes may include the presence of fetal cells in the maternal bloodstream. [2]

Autoimmune diseases

It is possible to classify autoimmune diseases by corresponding type of hypersensitivity: type II, type III, or type IV. (No type of autoimmune disease mimics type I hypersensitivity.)[3]

Name Accepted/
suspected		 Hypersensitivity Autoantibody
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Accepted[4]
Addison's disease Accepted[4]
Ankylosing spondylitis Accepted[4]
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) Accepted[4]
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Accepted[5] II
Autoimmune hepatitis Accepted[4] Anti-Smooth Muscle Actin
autoimmune inner ear disease Suspected[6]
Bullous pemphigoid Accepted[5] II Anti-Bullous Pemphigoid Antigen 1 and 2 (Hemidesmosome antigens)
Coeliac disease Accepted[7][8][9] IV Anti-transglutaminase
Chagas disease Suspected[10]
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Suspected[11] [12]
Dermatomyositis Accepted[13]
Diabetes mellitus type 1 Accepted[4] IV
Endometriosis Suspected[14]
Goodpasture's syndrome Accepted[4] II Anti-Basment Membrane Collagen Type IV Protein
Graves' disease Accepted[4] II
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) Accepted[4] IV Anti-ganglioside
Hashimoto's disease Accepted[4] IV
Hidradenitis suppurativa Suspected[15]
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Accepted[4] II
Interstitial cystitis Suspected[16]
Lupus erythematosus Accepted[4] III
Morphea Suspected[17]
Multiple sclerosis Accepted[4] IV Anti-Myelin Basic Protein
Myasthenia gravis Accepted[4] II
Narcolepsy Suspected[18]
Neuromyotonia Suspected[19]
Pemphigus Vulgaris Accepted[4] II Anti-Desmogein 3
Pernicious anaemia Accepted[20] II
Polymyositis Accepted[13]
Primary biliary cirrhosis Accepted[21] Anti-p62, Anti-sp100, Anti-Mitochondrial(M2)
Rheumatoid arthritis Accepted[4] III Rheumatoid factor
Schizophrenia Suspected[22][23][24]
Scleroderma Suspected[17] Anti-topoisomerase
Sjögren's syndrome Accepted[4]
Temporal arteritis (also known as "giant cell arteritis") Accepted[4] IV
Vasculitis Accepted[5] III
Vitiligo Suspected[25][26]
Wegener's granulomatosis Accepted[27] Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic(cANCA)

Autoimmune and inflammatory disease market future

In both autoimmune diseases and inflammation, the condition is triggered by aberrant reactions of the human immune system. In autoimmunity, the patient’s immune system is activated against the body's own proteins. In inflammatory diseases, it is the overreaction of the immune system, and its subsequent downstream signaling (TNF, INF, etc), which causes problems.

A substantial proportion of the population suffers from immune diseases, which are often chronic, debilitating, and life-threatening. There are more than eighty illnesses caused by autoimmunity and about 75 percent of those affected are women. It has been estimated that autoimmune diseases are among the ten leading causes of death among women in all age groups up to 65 years.[28]

Currently, a considerable amount of research is being conducted in this therapeutic segment. According to a report from Frost & Sullivan, the total alliance payouts in the autoimmune/inflammation segment from 1997 to 2002 totaled $489.8 million, where Eli Lilly, Suntory, Procter & Gamble, Encysive, and Novartis together account for 98.6 percent of alliance payouts.[29]

The incidence of these diseases is expected to rise because of a number of factors, including increasing environmental pollution, allowing for even more opportunity in this market. Advances in biotechnology are also enriching research work in this area. Secondary to cancer and infectious diseases, autoimmune disorder is the therapeutic category with the most number of biotech drugs under development.

Treatment therapies which have failed to cure diseases such as cancer, immunological and inflammatory disorders, auto-immune diseases, and infectious diseases have driven the need for creation and development of innovative and meaningful biotherapeutics to address important unmet medical needs in these areas. Considerable research is being conducted worldwide to develop more effective drugs for asthma, allergies, inflammation and other diseases that affect the human immune system, but there are certain medical needs in these areas which demand the development of highly efficient and safe therapeutic agents for optimal use in man. To address all of these needs for therapeutics, recent advances in monoclonal antibody development may offer potential targets for effective immunotherapy.

References

  1. ^ "A Gender Gap in Autoimmunity". Retrieved on 2007-10-19.
  2. ^ "JAMA -- Abstract: Microchimerism: An Investigative Frontier in Autoimmunity and Transplantation, March 3, 2004, Adams and Nelson 291 (9): 1127". Retrieved on 2007-10-19.
  3. ^ Parham, Peter (2005). The immune system. New York: Garland Science, 344. ISBN 0-8153-4093-1. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r MeSH Autoimmune+Diseases
  5. ^ a b c "Autoimmune Disorders: Immune Disorders: Merck Manual Home Edition".
  6. ^ "autoimmune inner ear disease, Baylor College of Medicine" (1993).
  7. ^ "Celiac Disease".
  8. ^ Meize-Grochowski R (2005). "Celiac disease: a multisystem autoimmune disorder". Gastroenterol Nurs 28 (5): 394–402; quiz 403–4. doi:10.1097/00001610-200509000-00005. PMID 16234635, http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1042-895X&volume=28&issue=5&spage=394. 
  9. ^ Sollid LM, Jabri B (December 2005). "Is celiac disease an autoimmune disorder?". Curr. Opin. Immunol. 17 (6): 595–600. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2005.09.015. PMID 16214317, http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0952-7915(05)00158-5. 
  10. ^ Hyland KV, Engman DM (2006). "Further thoughts on where we stand on the autoimmunity hypothesis of Chagas disease". Trends Parasitol. 22 (3): 101–2; author reply 103. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2006.01.001. PMID 16446117. 
  11. ^ Agustí A, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Cosio M. (2003). "Hypothesis: does COPD have an autoimmune component?". Thorax 58 (10): 832–834. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.10.832. PMID 14514931. 
  12. ^ Lee SH, Goswami S, Grudo A, et al (2007). "Antielastin autoimmunity in tobacco smoking-induced emphysema". Nat. Med. 13 (5): 567–9. doi:10.1038/nm1583. PMID 17450149. 
  13. ^ a b "Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis: Autoimmune Disorders of Connective Tissue: Merck Manual Home Edition".
  14. ^ Gleicher N, el-Roeiy A, Confino E, Friberg J (1987). "Is endometriosis an autoimmune disease?". Obstetrics and gynecology 70 (1): 115–22. PMID 3110710. 
  15. ^ "Clinical Trial: Etanercept in Hidradenitis Suppurativa". Retrieved on 2007-07-08.
  16. ^ Kárpáti F, Dénes L, Büttner K (1975). "[Interstitial cystitis=autoimmune cyatitis? Interstitial as a participating disease in lupus erythematosus]" (in German). Zeitschrift für Urologie und Nephrologie 68 (9): 633–9. PMID 1227191. 
  17. ^ a b Takehara K, Sato S (2005). "Localized scleroderma is an autoimmune disorder". Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 44 (3): 274–9. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keh487. PMID 15561734. 
  18. ^ Carlander, B., Eliaou J.F., Billiard M. (1993). "Autoimmune hypothesis in narcolepsy.". Neurophysiol. Clin. 23: 15. doi:10.1016/S0987-7053(05)80279-5. 
  19. ^ Maddison P (2006). "Neuromyotonia". Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology 117 (10): 2118–27. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.03.008. PMID 16843723. 
  20. ^ "MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Pernicious anemia". Retrieved on 2008-04-05.
  21. ^ Eaton WW, Byrne M, Ewald H, et al (2006). "Association of schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases: linkage of Danish national registers". The American journal of psychiatry 163 (3): 521–8. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.521. PMID 16513876. 
  22. ^ Jones AL, Mowry BJ, Pender MP, Greer JM (2005). "Immune dysregulation and self-reactivity in schizophrenia: do some cases of schizophrenia have an autoimmune basis?". Immunol. Cell Biol. 83 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01305.x. PMID 15661036. 
  23. ^ Strous RD, Shoenfeld Y (2006). "Schizophrenia, autoimmunity and immune system dysregulation: a comprehensive model updated and revisited". J. Autoimmun. 27 (2): 71–80. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2006.07.006. PMID 16997531. 
  24. ^ "Questions and Answers about Vitiligo". Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  25. ^ "A New Gene Linked to Vitiligo and Susceptibility to Autoimmune Disorders - Journal Watch Dermatology". Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  26. ^ Sánchez-Cano D, Callejas-Rubio JL, Ortego-Centeno N (April 2008). "Effect of rituximab on refractory Wegener granulomatosis with predominant granulomatous disease". J Clin Rheumatol 14 (2): 92–3. doi:10.1097/RHU.0b013e31816b4487 (inactive 25 June 2008). PMID 18391678, http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?an=00124743-200804000-00008. 
  27. ^ Noel R. Rose and Ian R. MacKay, “The Autoimmune Diseases” fourth edition
  28. ^ Frost & Sullivan Report, “Antibody Technology Developments” September 2005

External links

Pathology: Immune disorders (primarily D80-D89, 273, 279)
Immunodeficiency
Other
Immunoproliferative
Other
Hypersensitivity and Autoimmunity/Autoimmune disease
Immune disorders: Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases
I/allergy/atopy
(IgE)
II/ADCC
(IgM, IgG)
III
(Immune complex)
IV/cell-mediated
(T-cells)
Unknown/
multiple
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease"

Article keywords: type of autoimmune disease, autoimmune inner ear disease,

This article is from Wikipedia. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.

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