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See also: IPA, Consonants
| Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | |
| Close | |||||
| Near-close | |||||
| Close-mid | |||||
| Mid | |||||
| Open-mid | |||||
| Near-open | |||||
| Open | |||||
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right
represents a rounded vowel.
represents a rounded vowel.
| IPA – number | 307 |
| IPA – text | o |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | o |
| X-SAMPA | o |
| Kirshenbaum | o |
| Sound sample | |
The close-mid back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is o, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is o.
Contents |
Features
- Its vowel height is close-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between close vowel and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its roundedness is exolabial, which means that the lips are pursed and protrude, with the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catalan[1] | sóc | [sok] | 'I am' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Dutch | kool | [koʊ̯l] | 'cabbage' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Australian | caught | [kʰoːt] | 'caught' | See Australian English phonology |
| New Zealand | See English phonology | ||||
| GA | row | [ɻoː] | 'row' | Usually diphthongized to [oʊ] | |
| Estonian | tool | [toːlʲ] | 'chair' | ||
| Faroese | tosa | [ˈtoːsa] | 'speak' | ||
| French[2] | réseau | [ʀeˈzo] | 'net' | See French phonology | |
| German | Kohl | [kʰoːl] | 'cabbage' | See German phonology | |
| Hungarian | kór | [koːr] | 'disease' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Icelandic | bók | [bou̯k] | 'book' | ||
| Italian[3] | foro | [ˈfoːro] | 'hole' | See Italian phonology | |
| Korean | 보수/bosu | [ˈpoːsu] | 'salary' | See Korean phonology | |
| Norwegian | lov | [loːʋ] | 'law' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Silesian | Ślůnsk | [ɕlonsk] | 'Silesia' | ||
| Portuguese[4] | sou | [so] | 'I am' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Swedish | åka | [ˈoːka] | 'travel, go' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Vietnamese | tô | [tō] | 'soup, bowl' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
Mid back rounded vowel
Many languages, such as Spanish and Japanese, have a mid back rounded vowel, which to speakers is clearly distinct from both the close-mid and open-mid vowels. However, since no language is known to distinguish all three, there is no separate IPA symbol for the mid vowel, and [o] is generally used. If precision is desired, the lowering diacritic may be used: [o̞].
Note that just because a language has only one non-close, non-open back vowel, that doesn't mean it's a cardinal mid vowel. The Sulawesian language Tukang Besi, for example, has a close-mid [o], whereas the Moluccan language Taba has an open-mid [ɔ]; in neither language does this contrast with another open/close-mid vowel.
Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, the lowering diacritic has been omitted for the sake of simplicity.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatian | kolodvor | [kolodvoːr] | 'railway station' | ||
| English | Yorkshire[5] | coat | [ko̟t] | 'coat' | Corresponds to /əʊ/ in other British dialects. See English phonology |
| Finnish | koloon | [ˈkoloːn] | 'into hole' | See Finnish phonology | |
| Hebrew | שלום | [ʃalom] | 'peace' | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Hebrew phonology | |
| Greek | ωκεανός | [oˌceaˈnos] | 'ocean' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Japanese | 日本/nihon | [ɲihːoɴ] | 'Japan' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean | 보리/bori | [poˈɾi] | 'barley' | See Korean phonology | |
| Romanian | copil | [koˈpil] | 'child' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[6] | сухой | [sʊˈxoj] | 'dry' | See Russian phonology | |
| Spanish[7] | todo | [ˈt̪oð̞o] | 'all' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Turkish | kol | [koɫ] | 'arm' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian | поїзд | [ˈpojizd] | 'train' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
References
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:180)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:56)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:256)
Bibliography
- Carbonell, Joan F. & Joaquim Llisterri (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53-56
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94
- Fougeron, Cecile & Caroline L Smith (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73-76
- Jones, Daniel & Ward Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 239-245
- Roca, Iggy & Wyn Johnson (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
