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To comply with Wikipedia's quality standards, this article is in need of reorganization. There is good information here, but it is poorly organized. Please discuss this issue on the talk page and help improve this article. (January 2008) |
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This article appears to contradict itself about "energy efficiency". Please help fix this problem. |
- This article is about the common off-line switching power supplies used in desktop IBM PC compatible computers. There are many other kinds of computers with differing power supplies.
A power supply unit (PSU) is the component that supplies power to a computer. More specifically, a power supply is typically designed to convert 100-120 V (North America and Japan) or 220-240 V (Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia) AC power from the mains to usable low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer. Some power supplies have a switch to change between 230 V and 115 V. Other models have automatic sensors that switch input voltage automatically, or are able to accept any voltage between those limits.
The most common computer power supplies are built to conform with the ATX form factor. The most recent specification of the ATX standard PSU as of mid-2008 is version 2.31. This enables different power supplies to be interchangeable with different components inside the computer. ATX power supplies also are designed to turn on and off using a signal from the motherboard, and provide support for modern functions such as the standby mode available in many computers.
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Power rating
Computer power supplies are rated based on their maximum output power. Typical power ranges are from 300 W to 500 W (lower than 300 W for Small form factor systems). Power supplies used by gamers and enthusiasts sometimes range from 500 W to 1300 W, with the highest end units going up to 2 kW for servers and extreme performance computers with multiple processors, several hard disks and multiple graphics cards (ATI CrossFire or NVIDIA SLI). The power rating of a PC power supply is not officially certified and is self-claimed by each manufacturer.[1]A common way to reach the power figure for PC PSUs is by adding the power available on each rail, which will not give a true power figure.This means that you cannot use the PSU maximum rating on one rail, but only as a total. Therefore you can overload a PSU on one rail without having to use the maximum rated power.
Appearance
External
Most computer power supplies have the appearance of a square metal box, and have a large bundle of wires emerging from one end. Opposite the wire bundle is the back face of the power supply, with an air vent and C14 IEC connector to supply AC power. There may optionally be a power switch and/or a voltage selector switch. A label on one side of the box lists technical information about the power supply, including safety certifications maximum output wattage. Common certification marks for safety are the UL mark, GS mark, TÜV, NEMKO, SEMKO, DEMKO, FIMKO, CCC, CSA, VDE, GOST R and BSMI. Common certificate marks for EMI/RFI are the CE mark, FCC and C-tick. The CE mark is required for power supplies sold in Europe and India.
A RoHS or 80 PLUS can also sometimes be seen.
Dimensions of an ATX power supply are 150 mm width, 86 mm height, and typically 140 mm depth, although the depth can vary from brand to brand.
Connectors
Typically, power supplies have the following connectors:
- PC Main power connector (usually called P1): Is the connector that goes to the motherboard to provide it with power. The connector has 20 or 24 pins. One of the pins belongs to the PS-ON wire mentioned above (it is usually green). This connector is the largest of all the connectors. In older AT power supplies, this connector was split in two: P8 and P9. If you have a power supply with 24-pin connector, you can plug it into a motherboard with a 20-pin connector. In cases where the motherboard has a 24-pin connector, some power supplies come with two connectors (one with 20-pin and other with 4-pin) which can be used together to form the 24-pin connector.
- ATX12V 4-pin power connector (also called the P4 power connector). A second connector that goes to the motherboard (in addition to the main 24-pin connector) to supply dedicated power for the processor. For high-end motherboards and processors, more power is required, therefore EPS12V has an 8 pin connector.
- 4-pin Peripheral power connectors (usually called Molex for its manufacturer): These are the other, smaller connectors that go to the various disk drives of the computer. Most of them have four wires: two black, one red, and one yellow. Unlike the standard mains electrical wire color-coding, each black wire is a ground, the red wire is +5 V, and the yellow wire is +12 V. In some cases these are also used to provide additional power to PCI cards such as FireWire 800 cards.
- 4-pin Berg power connectors (usually called Mini-connector): This is one of the smallest connectors that supplies the floppy drive with power. In some cases, it can be used as an auxiliary connector for AGP video cards. Its cable configuration is similar to the Peripheral connector.
- Auxiliary power connectors: There are several types of auxiliary connectors designed to provide additional power if it is needed.
- Serial ATA power connectors: a 15-pin connector for components which use SATA power plugs. This connector supplies power at three different voltages: +3.3, +5, and +12 volts.
- 6-pin Most modern computer power supplies include 6-pin connectors which are generally used for PCI Express graphics cards, but a newly introduced 8-pin connector should be seen on the latest model power supplies. Each PCI Express 6-pin connector can output a maximum of 75 W.
- A C14 IEC connector with an appropriate C13 cord is used to attach the power supply to the local power grid.
Internal
Inside the computer power supply is a complex arrangement of electrical components, including diodes, capacitors, transistors and transformers. Also, most computer power supplies have metal heat sinks and fans to dissipate the heat produced. The speed of the fan is often dependent on the temperature, or less often the power load. It may be dangerous to open a power supply even if it is not connected to an electrical outlet, as high voltages may still be present in charged capacitors. However, for most PSUs this can be fixed by unplugging the PSU and then pressing the power-on button, which will drain the capacitors. Still, care should be taken as some PSUs require a load on the output in order to discharge the capacitors fully. Even when the PC is turned off, a PSU will draw some power from the electrical outlet, most of it going to power the +5 VSB (standby voltage) rail.
Some models even include heat pipes to assist in heat dissipation.
AT vs. ATX
There are two basic differences between AT and ATX power supplies: The connectors that provide power to the motherboard, and the soft switch. On older AT power supplies, the Power-on switch wire from the front of the computer is connected directly to the power supply.
On newer ATX power supplies, the switch goes to the motherboard, allowing other hardware or software to turn the system on or off. The motherboard controls the power switch through pin 16 of the 20 or 24 pin connector on the motherboard. This pin carries 5V and can be grounded to turn on the power supply without being plugged into the motherboard.
AT means Advanced Technology. ATX means Advanced Technology Extended.
Laptops
Most portable computers have power supplies that provide 15 to 100 watts. In portable computers (such as laptops) there is usually an external power supply (sometimes referred to as a "power brick" due to its similarity, in size, shape and weight, to a real brick) which converts AC power to one DC voltage (most commonly 19 V), and further DC-DC conversion occurs within the laptop to supply the various DC voltages required by the other components of the portable computer.
Energy efficiency
Computer power supplies are generally about 70–75% efficient.[2] That means in order for a 75% efficient power supply to produce 75 W of DC output it would require 100 W of AC input and dissipate the remaining 25 W in heat. Higher-quality power supplies can be over 80% efficient; higher energy efficiency waste less energy in heat, and requires less power to cool as a result. As of 2007, 93%-efficient power supplies are available.[3]
It's important to match the capacity of a power supply to the power needs of the computer. The energy efficiency of power supplies drops significantly at low loads. Efficiency generally peaks at about 50-75% load. The curve varies from model to model (for examples of how this curve looks see the test reports of energy efficient models found on the 80 PLUS website). One rule of thumb is that a power supply that's over twice the required size will be significantly less efficient, and waste a lot of electricity.
Most power supplies achieve higher efficiency with higher AC input voltage[4], due to the fact that it draws less current at a higher voltage (assuming power consumption remains constant) following the P = V x I law.[citation needed]
Various initiatives are underway to improve the efficiency of computer power supplies. Climate savers computing initiative promotes energy saving and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by encouraging development and use of more efficient power supplies. 80 PLUS certifies power supplies that meet certain efficiency criteria, and encourages their use via financial incentives.
Small facts to consider
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- Life span is usually measured in mean time between failures (MTBF). Higher MTBF ratings are preferable for longer device life and reliability. Quality construction consisting of industrial grade electrical components and/or a larger or higher speed fan can help to contribute to a higher MTBF rating by keeping critical components cool, thus preventing the unit from overheating. Overheating is a major cause of PSU failure. MTBF value of 100,000 hours is not uncommon.
- Power supplies may have passive or active power factor correction (PFC). Passive PFC is a simple way of increasing the power factor by putting a coil in series with the primary filter capacitors. Active PFC is more complex and can achieve higher PF, up to 99%.
- In computer power supplies that have more than one +12V power rail, it is preferable for stability reasons to spread the power load over the 12V rails evenly to help avoid overloading one of the rails on the power supply.
- Multiple 12V power supply rails are separately current limited as a safety feature; they are not generated separately. Despite widespread belief to the contrary, this separation has no effect on mutual interference between supply rails.
- The ATX12V 2.x and EPS12V power supply standards defer to the IEC 60950 standard, which requires that no more than 240 volt-amps be present between any two accessible points. Thus, each wire must be current-limited to no more than 20 A; typical supplies guarantee 18 A without triggering the current limit. Power supplies capable of delivering more than 18 A at 12 V connect wires in groups to two or more current sensors which will shut down the supply if excess current flows. Unlike a fuse or circuit breaker, these limits reset as soon as the overload is removed.
- Because of the above standards, almost all high-power supplies claim to implement separate rails, however this claim is often false; many omit the necessary current-limit circuitry,[5] both for cost reasons and because it is an irritation to customers.[6] (The lack is sometimes advertised as a feature under names like "rail fusion" or "current sharing".)
- When the computer is powered down but the power supply is still on, it can be started remotely via Wake-on-LAN and Wake-on-Ring or locally via Keyboard Power ON (KBPO) if the motherboard supports it.
- Most computer power supplies are a type of switched-mode power supply (SMPS).
- Most computer power supplies have short circuit protection, overpower (overload) protection, overvoltage protection, undervoltage protection, overcurrent protection, and over temperature protection.
- Some power supplies come with sleeved cables, which is aesthetically nicer, makes wiring easier and cleaner and have less detrimental effect on airflow.
- There is a popular misconception that a greater power capacity (watt output capacity) is always better. Since supplies are self-certified, a manufacturer's claims may be double or more what is actually provided.[7] Although a too-large power supply will have an extra margin of safety as far as not over-loading, a larger unit is often less efficient at lower loads (under 20% of its total capability) and therefore will waste more electricity than a more appropriately sized unit. Additionally, computer power supplies generally do not function properly if they are too lightly loaded. Under no-load conditions they may shut down or malfunction.
- Power supplies do not always live up to what they are marketed. Noise can be measured from different distances and at different room temperatures.
- Power supplies can feature magnetic amplifiers or double-forward converter circuit design.
Wiring diagrams
| Color | Pin | Signal |
|---|---|---|
| P8.1 | Power Good | |
| P8.2 | +5 V | |
| P8.3 | +12 V | |
| P8.4 | −12 V | |
| P8.5 | Ground | |
| P8.6 | Ground | |
| P9.1 | Ground | |
| P9.2 | Ground | |
| P9.3 | −5 V | |
| P9.4 | +5 V | |
| P9.5 | +5 V | |
| P9.6 | +5 V | |
| Color | Signal | Pin | Pin | Signal | Color |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| +3.3 V | 1 | 13 | +3.3 V sense | ||
| +3.3 V | 2 | 14 | −12 V | ||
| Ground | 3 | 15 | Ground | ||
| +5 V | 4 | 16 | Power on | ||
| Ground | 5 | 17 | Ground | ||
| +5 V | 6 | 18 | Ground | ||
| Ground | 7 | 19 | Ground | ||
| Power good | 8 | 20 | −5 V (optional) | ||
| +5 V standby | 9 | 21 | +5 V | ||
| +12 V | 10 | 22 | +5 V | ||
| +12 V | 11 | 23 | +5 V | ||
| +3.3 V | 12 | 24 | Ground |
False advertising
The DIY boom has led to power supply manufacturers marketing their products directly to end-users, often with grossly inflated specifications. Some of the main tricks employed are...[8]
- Advertising the peak power, rather than the continuous power.
- Determining the continuous output power capability at unrealistically low temperatures (at room temperature as opposed to 40°C).
- Advertising total power as a measure of capacity, when modern systems are almost totally reliant on the number of amps on the 12 volt line(s).
So if...
- PSU A has a peak rating of 500 watts at 25°C, with 25 amps (300 W) on the 12 volt line, and
- PSU B has a continuous rating of 500 watts at 40°C, with 33 amps (400 W) on the 12 volt line,
and those ratings are accurate, then PSU B would have to be considered a vastly superior unit. PSU A may only be capable of delivering a fraction of its rated power under real world conditions.
This tendency has led in turn to greatly overspecified power supply recommendations, and a shortage of high-quality power supplies with reasonable capacities. Very few computers require more than 300–350 watts maximum.[8] Higher end computers such as servers and gaming machines with multiple high power GPUs are among the few exceptions.
Modular power supplies
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This article or section may be inaccurate or unbalanced in favor of certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. |
A modular power supply is a relatively new approach to cabling, allowing users to omit unused cables. Whereas a conventional design has numerous cables permanently connected to the power supply, a modular power supply provides connectors at the power supply end, allowing unused cables to be detached from the power supply, producing less clutter, a neater appearance and less interference with airflow. It also makes it possible to supply a wider variety of cables, providing different lengths or Serial ATA instead of Molex connectors.
While modular cabling can help reduce case clutter, they have often been criticized for creating significant amounts of electrical resistance. Some third party websites that do power supply testing have confirmed that the quality of the connector, the age of the connector, the number of times it was inserted/removed, and various other variables such as dust can all raise resistance.[9]
While eliminating the excess cables can improve the flow of cooling air inside the computer case, the modular connectors tend to reduce airflow inside the power supply itself. The emphasis on appearance in modular power supply marketing[10][11] tends to underscore this point.
Troubleshooting
A power supply is tasked with providing electricity to every component in a computer, so a faulty or under performing unit will often cause a wide range of symptoms, including, but not limited to:
- Failure to power on.
- General instability.
- Rebooting, either randomly or when the computer is stressed.
- Hardware failure, due to sudden power spikes/dips or long term electronic noise.
- Inability to boot up even though motherboard light is lit. At power on, there is no activity at all except for fans and disks starting to spin.
Power supply testers are available. These typically have a single socket for each common type of power supply connector, and use several LEDs to indicate if the power supply is working.
Capacitors
Power supplies can also fail when the electrolytic capacitors inside dry up and/or become defective. This is one of the most common reasons powers supplies fail.
Noisy fan
Most desktop computer power supplies are equipped with a cooling fan, which helps to keep internal components cool and operating more efficiently. Abnormal fan noise is generally caused by dust, a lack of internal lubrication or a failing motor. Dust may be removed by carefully blowing air through the supply with an air pump or gas duster, or by opening the PSU and using a brush.
It's relatively easy and inexpensive to lubricate/replace a fan, but not issue free. Opening a power supply can create a slight risk of shock, and voids the warranty if one is in force.
See also
References
- ^ http://www.silentpcreview.com/article28-page3.html SPCR: Power Supply Fundamentals: POWER SHMOWER or How PSU Power Ratings Mean Almost Nothing
- ^ Strong Showing: High-Performance Power Supply Units | Tom's Hardware
- ^ Supermicro SuperBlade Shipping in Volume Now
- ^ Modu82+ 625 Power Supply: Enermax to the Forefront | silentpcreview.com
- ^ "OCZ GameXstream 700 W Power Supply, Hardware Secrets". Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
- ^ "Power Supply Fundamentals (page 3), silentpcreview.com". Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
- ^ Oklahoma Wolf (September 14, 2007), The Bargain Basement Power Supply Roundup, jonnyGURU.com, http://www.jonnyguru.com/modules.php?name=NDReviews&op=Review_Cat&recatnum=13, retrieved on 31 January 2008
- ^ a b "Power Supply Fundamentals (page 3), silentpcreview.com". Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
- ^ Gerow, Jon (2006-08-10). "Modular Power Supplies: The Reality of the Resistance". motherboards.org. Retrieved on 2008-03-30.
- ^ "Ultra Products' line of modular power supplies".
- ^ "Kingwin's "Mach 1" modular power supply line".
External links
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The external links in this article may not follow Wikipedia's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links. |
- Website with Information & Research on Active Mode Power Supply Efficiency
- How to Buy an Energy-Efficient Power Supply
- Computer Power Supply - Schematics, Reviews, Repair Guides
- PC Repair and Maintenance: In-depth Look at Power Supply
- ATX12V Power Supply Design Guide v2.2
- Power Supply Design Guide for Desktop Platform Form Factors Revision 1.1
- How to Discover Your Power Supply Real Manufacturer
- Dell non-standard Power Supplies
- How Much Power Can a Generic 500 W Power Supply Really Deliver?
- Everything You Need To Know About Power Supplies
Computer Power Supply Calculators
- eXtreme Power Supply Calculator (frequently updated)
- Snoop Power Supply Calculator
- Schrock Innovations' Power Supply Requirement Calculator (outdated)
- Computer Power Supply Calculator (outdated)
- JOURNEYSYSTEMS' online power supply calculator (outdated)
