Glowworm

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• Glow-worm

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For other uses, see Glowworm (disambiguation).

Glowworm (or glow-worm) is the common name for various different groups of insect larva and adult larviform females which glow through bioluminescence. They may sometimes resemble worms, but all are insects (Arachnocampa being a fly and all the others being beetles). The major families are:

• Lampyridae (fireflies), found around the world. The wingless adult female is the glowworm of literature, especially Lampyris noctiluca (the "Glow-worm" proper of British English) found in the most of Europe. In this species the male flies but does not glow. In some areas, a Firefly can also refer to members of the Luciola family found commonly throughout Europe, in which both the males and the flightless females glow.

• Phengodidae, found in North America and South America.

• Arachnocampa (formerly called Bolitiphila), found in New Zealand and Australia.

The glow in the former two groups is a yellow-green colour. The so-called railroad worms in the Phengodidae family have an additional red light at their head. The fly larvae produce a blue-green colour. The glow is produced by different organs in the different families, suggesting they evolved separately, though several other beetle families in the superfamily Cantharoidea exhibit bioluminescence, suggesting a single origin within this lineage, so the Lampyrids and Phengodids do apparently share a common bioluminescent ancestor. The chemical reaction in each case is very efficient; nearly 100% of the energy input is turned into light (compared to the best light-emitting diodes at just 22%).

The purpose of the glow varies. Those adult females which glow do so to attract a male for mating. The Lampyridae larvae are believed to glow as a warning signal (see aposematism) to predators like toads not to eat them as they're mildly toxic. But the Arachnocampa larvae on the other hand glow to attract prey like midges into sticky snare lines for the larva to feed on.

See also

Articles about groups of glowworms:

• Arachnocampa
• Lampyridae
• Phengodidae
• Railroad worm

Articles about glowworm locations:

• Waitomo Caves, Waitomo, Waikato, New Zealand
• Te Ana-au Caves, Lake Te Anau, Fjordland, South Island, New Zealand
• Wellington Botanic Garden, New Zealand
• Glow-Worm Caves Tamborine Mountain, Southeastern Queensland, Australia
• Newnes Glow Worm Tunnel, Blue Mountains (Australia), in New South Wales
• Natural Bridge, Queensland, Gold Coast hinterland, Queensland, Australia
• The UK Glow Worm Survey has county-by-county lists of glowworm sites in the UK

Other:

• "The Glow-Worm", popular song

References

• Glow worm article, Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition

• Glow-worm article in the Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 1966, at teara.govt.nz

• The Glowworm Lifecycle at waitomocaves.co.nz

• The Harvard Din & Tonics Performers of the song, "Glow worm"

• The UK Glow worm Survey home page

• Raphaël De Cock and Erik Matthysen (2003). "Glow-worm larvae bioluminescence (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) operates as an aposematic signal upon toads (Bufo bufo)". Behavioral Ecology 14 (1): 103–108. doi:10.1093/beheco/14.1.103. 

• Glow-worms in Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand