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In astronomy, the naked-eye planets are the five planets of our solar system that can be discerned with the naked eye without much difficulty. Hence, they were the only planets known to the ancients prior to the invention of the telescope. They are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, the five planets closest to Earth. The name planet comes from the Greek term πλανήτης, planētēs, meaning "wanderer", as ancient astronomers noted how certain lights moved across the sky in relation to the other stars. They called these objects asteres planetai, or wandering stars. In some cultures, the Sun and Moon have also been counted as planets, to make the seven classical planets.
Mercury and Venus are only visible in twilight hours as their orbits are interior to the Earth's orbit. Venus is the most prominent planet, being the third brightest object in the sky after the Sun and the Moon. Mercury is more difficult to see due to its proximity to the Sun. Lengthy twilight and an extremely low angle at maximum elongations make optical filters necessary to see Mercury from extreme northerly locations like Scandinavia or Alaska.[1] Mars is at its brightest when it is in opposition to the Earth, which occurs approximately every two years. Jupiter and Saturn are the largest of the five planets, but are farther from the sun, and therefore receive less sunlight. Nonetheless, Jupiter is often the next brightest object in the sky after Venus. Saturn's luminosity is often enhanced by its rings, which reflect light back toward the Earth to varying degrees depending on their inclination to the ecliptic; however, the rings themselves are not visible to the naked eye from the Earth. Uranus and the asteroid Vesta are visible to the naked eye in principle on very clear nights, but unlike the true naked-eye planets they are always less luminous than several thousands of stars, and as such, do not stand out enough for their existences to be noticed without the aid of a telescope.
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The planets in culture and mythology
- See also: Astrology and alchemy
In some cultures, the five naked-eye planets are grouped with the Sun and the Moon, called luminaries (meaning "shining object") to form a group of seven heavenly objects (or seven lights of the Earth, starry planets, traditional planets, etc.). Because their existence was known by many cultures throughout the world, since before recorded history, no discoverer is credited for them.
Most Western cultures refer to them by their Latin names in honor of the Roman pantheon and their number probably led to the naming of the seven-day week.
Every culture has woven them into their myths and legends. They are the basis of the practice of astrology. In English, the planets bear names of gods in Roman mythology, a relic of the ancient belief that planets were gods controlling human destiny. They were sometimes considered to be living beings, and myths were created concerning how they came to be, and what they were supposed to be like, based on their movements in the sky, their physical characteristics, and the supposed influences they have on our planet and its inhabitants.
- The Sun was known for its obvious importance in providing life. It also served as literal universal constant in the passage of night and day. Many ancient cultures were able to accurately create calendars from charting the Sun—thus predicting the regional seasons and solar events.
- The Moon and its phases were charted by most cultures, giving rise to lunar calendars. Lunar cycles were used to divide the solar, or seasonal, year into sections called months.
- Mercury was known to have the quickest period, probably leading it to be named for a Roman god associated with haste.
- Venus was identified as being the brightest object in the night sky after the Moon.
- Mars, was often associated with war due to its association with the Roman god and visible redness.
- Jupiter, now known to be the largest planet in the solar system. Whether the Romans knew this or not is not known, but is a likely possibility as Jupiter does appear to outshine most of the other planets, yet it has the second-longest period.
- Saturn, now popularly known for its rings and for being the second largest planet, though the rings being difficult to discern even with modern house telescopes. The Roman naming was probably based on their (correct) assumption that Saturn was the furthest of the classical planets due to the length of its orbital period. Its brightness is slightly less than Jupiter though brighter than most of the other planets. The Romans may have named it for the Titan that was formerly deposed by the now greater Jupiter.
In astrology
Astrology was developed when only the naked-eye planets were known. Because they appear to move in cycles about us in the heavens, whereas the "fixed" stars (what we today call the stars) did not, the planets were grouped together with the luminaries and considered to have divinatory significance. At the same time, a distinction was made within this category for the greater importance and brightness of the luminaries (the Sun and the Moon). For more on the significance of naked-eye planets in astrology, see Mercury (astrology), Venus (astrology), Mars (astrology), Jupiter (astrology), and Saturn (astrology).
In Babylonia
- Further information: Babylonian mythology
Babylonians grouped the stars in companies of seven. References are made to the seven Tikshi, the seven Lumashi, and the seven Mashi, which are older than the signs of the Zodiac; so far as can be ascertained these groups were selected from various constellations. When the five planets were identified, they were associated with the Sun and Moon and connected with the chief gods of the Hammurabi pantheon. A bilingual list in the British Museum arranges the sevenfold planetary group in the following order: [2]
| Sumerian | Akkadian | planet | godship |
| Aku | Sin | Moon | Sin/Suen |
| Bišebi | Šamaš | Sun | Šamaš |
| Dapinu | Umun-sig-êa | Jupiter | Marduk/Amarutu |
| Zib/Zig | Dele-bat | Venus | Ištar |
| Lu-lim | Lu-bat-sag-uš | Saturn | Ninib/Nirig/Ninip[3] |
| Bibbu | Lubat-gud | Mercury | Nabu/Nebo |
| Simutu | Muštabarru | Mars | Nergal |
Days of the week
The Ptolemaic system used in Greek astronomy placed the planets in order, closest to Earth to furthest, as the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. In addition the day was divided into 7-hour intervals, each ruled by one of the planets.
The first hour of each day was named after the ruling planet, giving rise to the names and order of the Roman seven-day week. Modern Latin-based cultures, in general, directly inherited the days of the week from the Romans and they were named after the classical planets—for example in Spanish Miércoles = Mercury, in French Mardi = Mars.
The modern English days of the week were inherited from gods of the old Germanic Norse culture—Thursday = Thor, Friday = Frige (Venus). It can be correlated that the Norse gods were attributed to each of the Roman planets and their gods, probably due to Roman influence rather than coincidentally by the naming of the planets.
In Judaism
According to the Jewish Encyclopedia and the Jewish historian Josephus, the seven branches of the Jewish Menorah represent the seven heavenly objects.
In the Indian subcontinent
| Sanskrit Name | English Name | Abbreviation | Image | Yantra | Gender | Guna | Represents | Day |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surya (सूर्य) | Sun | Sy or Su | M | Sattva | Soul, king, highly placed persons, father. | Sunday | ||
| Chandra (चंद्र) | Moon | Ch or Mo | F | Sattva | Mind, queen, mother. | Monday | ||
| Mangala (मंगल) | Mars | Ma | M | Tamas | energetic action, confidence and ego | Tuesday | ||
| Budha (बुध) | Mercury | Bu or Me | N | Rajas | Communication and analysis | Wednesday | ||
| Brihaspati (बृहस्पति) | Jupiter | Gu or Ju | M | Sattva | the great teacher | Thursday | ||
| Shukra (शुक्र) | Venus | Sk or Ve | F | Rajas | wealth, pleasure and reproduction | Friday | ||
| Shani (शनि) | Saturn | Sa | N | Tamas | learning the hard way. Career and Longevity | Saturday | ||
| Rahu (राहु) | Head of Demon Snake Ascending/North Lunar Node |
Ra |  |
F | Tamas | a Asura who does his best to plunge any area of one's life he controls into chaos | none | |
| Ketu (केतु) | Tail of Demon Snake Descending/South Lunar Node |
Ke | M | Tamas | supernatural influences | none |
In East Asia
For the five true planets, their element's Chinese character, hanzi(汉字), is also part of the names of weekdays in Japanese and Korean, complemented with Sunday and Monday. [4] However, Chinese and Vietnamese number the days other than Sunday.[5]
| English Name | Associated element | Chinese/Japanese Characters | Japanese romaji | Vietnamese Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mercury | water | 水星 | Suisei | Sao Thủy |
| Venus | metal/gold | 金星 | Kinsei | Sao Kim
also "Sao Mai" as "morning star" and "Sao Hôm" as "evening star" |
| Mars | fire | 火星 | Kasei | Sao Hỏa |
| Jupiter | wood | 木星 | Mokusei | Sao Mộc |
| Saturn | earth | 土星 | Dosei | Sao Thổ |
The cycles of the Chinese calendar are linked to the orbit of Jupiter, there being 12 sacred beasts in the Chinese dodecannualar geomantic and astrological cycle, and 12 years in the orbit of Jupiter.
References
- ^ Sky Publishing - Latitude Is Everything
- ^ Mackenzie, Myths of Babylonia and Assyria (1915), chapter 13 "Astrology and Astronomy"[1]
- ^ also called (Sumerian) Kâawanu and (Akkadian) Sag-uš "firm, steadfast, phlegmatic"; see [http://worldwideschool.org/library/books/relg/non-christiancomparative/TheReligionofBabyloniaandAssyria/chap5.html The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria by Thophilus G. Pinches]
- ^ http://home.unilang.org/wiki3/index.php/Translations:_element_days Element Days
- ^ http://www.cjvlang.com/Dow/ Days of the Week in Chinese, Japanese & Vietnamese
