Plan 9 from Bell Labs:

Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a distributed operating system, primarily used as a research vehicle. It was developed as the research successor to Unix by the Computing Sciences Research Center at Bell Labs between the mid-1980s and 2002. Plan 9 is most notable for representing all system interfaces, including those required for networking and the user-interface, through the filesystem rather than specialized interfaces. Plan 9 aims to provide users with a workstation-independent working environment through the use of the 9P protocols. Plan 9 continues to be used and developed in some circles as a research operating system and by hobbyists.

History

Plan 9 replaced Unix at Bell Labs as the organization's primary platform for research and explores several changes to the original Unix model that improve the experience of using and programming the system, notably in distributed multi-user environments. Plan 9 was a Bell Labs internal project from its start during the mid 1980s. In 1992, the first public release was made available to universities. In 1995, a commercial second release version was made available to the general public. In the late 1990s, Lucent Technologies, who had inherited Bell Labs, dropped commercial interest in the project. In 2000, a non-commercial third release was made under an open source license. In 2002, a non-commercial fourth release was made under a new free software license.

A user and development community, including current and former Bell Labs and MIT members, continues to produce daily minor releases as ISO images. Bell Labs still hosts development.^[2] The development source tree is accessible over the 9P and HTTP protocols and is used to keep an installation up to date.^[3]

Overview

All resources as files

One of the key features adopted from Unix was the use of the file system to access resources. Before Unix, most operating systems had different mechanisms for accessing different types of devices. For example, the application programming interface (API) to access a disk drive was vastly different from the API used to send and receive data from a serial port, which in turn was different from the API used to send data to a printer. Unix attempted to remove these distinctions. All device drivers were required to support meaningful read and write operations as a means of control. This lets programmers use utilities like mv and cp to send data from one device to another without being aware of the underlying implementation details.

However, at the time, many key concepts (such as the control of process state) did not seem to map neatly onto files. As new features like Berkeley sockets and the X Window System were added, they were incorporated to exist outside the file system. New hardware features (such as the ability to eject a CD in software) also encouraged the use of hardware-specific control mechanisms like the ioctl system call.

The Plan 9 research project rejected these different approaches. Each Plan 9 program views all available resources, including networking and the user-interface resources (like the window it is running in), as part of a hierarchical file system, rather than specialized interfaces.^[2]

Unicode support

Plan 9 uses Unicode throughout the system. UTF-8 was invented by Ken Thompson to be used as the native encoding in Plan 9 and the whole system was converted to general use in 1992.^[4] Note that Plan 9 only supports the codes defined in the Basic Multilingual Plane of Unicode.

Research team

Design concepts

Plan 9's designers were interested in goals similar to those of microkernels, but made different architecture and design choices to achieve them. Plan 9's design goals included:

Filesystems, files, and names

Plan 9 extended the system beyond files to "names", that is, a unique path to any object whether it be a file, screen, user, or computer. All are handled using the existing Unix standards, but extended such that any object can be named and addressed (similar in concept to the more widely known URI system of the world wide web). In Unix, devices such as printers are represented by names using software converters in /dev, but these addressed only devices attached by hardware, and did not address networked devices. Under Plan 9 printers are as virtualized as files, and both can be accessed over the network from any workstation.

Another Plan 9 innovation was the ability for users to have different names for the same "real world" objects. Each user could create a personalized environment by collecting various objects into their namespace. Unix has a similar concept in which users gain privileges by being copied from another user, but Plan 9 extends this to all objects. Users can easily spawn "clones" of themselves, modify them, and then remove them without affecting the resources from which they were created.

Union directories

Plan 9 also introduced the idea of union directories, directories that combine resources across different media or across a network, binding transparently to other directories. For example, another computer's /bin (applications) directory can be bound to one's own, and then this directory will hold both local and remote applications and the user can access both transparently. Unix links and filesystem mounts made the original directory disappear. Using the same system, under Plan 9 external devices and resources can be bound to /dev, making all devices network devices without additional code.

/proc

The /proc directory, in which all running processes are listed, illustrates how these features work together to produce a greater whole. This special Plan 9 "file system" has also been adopted by Linux and other later operating systems. Processes appear as named objects (sub-directories with info and control files) under /proc, along with other kernel resources, giving the user a dynamic I/O channel to send commands to them and read data from them. The user does not have to use a limited set and form of system calls to interact with the kernel from compiled programs; rather, he or she can use tools such as ls and cat to search, query and manipulate processes.

Users can also mount /proc directories (and any other special file systems) from any other machines into their namespace as well, interacting with them as if they are local. The result is a distributed computing environment assembled from separate machines — terminals that sit on users' desks, file servers that store permanent data, and other servers that provide faster CPUs, user authentication, and network gateways, all using the existing hierarchical directory/name system familiar to most computer users. A user can "build" a system by collecting up directories on fileservers, applications running on servers, printers on the network and then bind them all together into their personal namespace running on a terminal.

/net

Plan 9 does not have system calls for the multitude of communication protocols or device driver interfaces. For example /net is the API for all TCP/IP, and it can be used even with scripts or shell tools, writing data to control files to write and read connections. Relevant sub-directories like /net/tcp and /net/udp are used to interface to prospective protocols. You can implement a NAT by mounting a /net, which is the Plan 9 TCP/IP API, from a perimeter machine with a public IP, while connecting to it from an internal network of private IP addresses, using the Plan 9 protocol 9P in the internal network. Or you can implement a VPN by mounting a /net directory from a remote gateway, using secured 9P over the public Internet.

Here would be an example of using union (a stack) directories in /net: just like inheritance in OOP, you can take one (possibly remote) /special directory and bind another local special directory on top of that, adding some new control files and hiding others. The union directory now is like a child object instance of the original parent. The functionality of the original can be partially modified. Consider the /net file system. If you modify or hide its /net/udp sub-directory you may control or extend the UDP interface with local filter processes, still leaving the original /net/tcp running intact, perhaps in a remote machine. Note that name space is per process: if you give an untrusted application a limited, modified /net union directory, you restrict its access to the net.

All this makes it easy to combine "objects" or file systems written in different languages on different systems, while using standard naming, access control and security of the file system, largely transparently to the programmer.

This is similar to the facility offered by the mount_portal[1] command in BSD which by convention is mounted on /p instead of /net with only /tcp available.

Networking and distributed computing

Plan 9 is based on UNIX but was developed to demonstrate the concept of making communication the central function of the computing system. All system resources are named and accessed as if they were files and multiple views of the distributed system can be defined dynamically for each program running on a particular machine. This approach improves generality and modularity of application design by encouraging servers that hold any information to appear to users and to applications just like collections of ordinary files.

Key to supporting the network transparency of Plan 9 was a new low-level networking protocol known as 9P. The 9P protocol and its implementation connected named network objects and presented a file-like system interface. 9P is a fast byte-oriented (rather than block-oriented) distributed file system that can virtualize any object, not only those presented by an NFS server on a remote machine. The protocol is used to refer to and communicate with processes, programs, and data, including both the user interface and the network. With the release of the 4th edition, it was modified and renamed 9P2000.

Implementations

An installable runtime environment exists for x86, and Plan 9 has been ported to MIPS, DEC Alpha, SPARC, PowerPC, ARM and other architectures. The system is written in a dialect of ISO/ANSI C. Several applications were originally written in a language called Alef, but have since been rewritten in the same C dialect. Plan 9 can import POSIX applications and can emulate the Berkeley socket interface through ANSI/POSIX Environment APE. Recently, a new application called linuxemu was developed that can be used to run Linux binaries; it is, however, still a work in progress.

Impact

Plan 9 demonstrated that a central concept of Unix — that every system interface could be represented as sets of files — could be implemented and made functional in a modern distributed system. Some ideas from Plan 9 have been implemented in other operating systems. Unix-like operating systems such as Linux have implemented some of Plan 9's file system, the UTF-8 character encoding, and limited forms of rfork-like system calls. Additionally, several of Plan 9's applications and tools, including the rc shell, have been ported to Unix and Linux systems and have achieved some level of popularity.

However, Plan 9 itself has never surpassed Unix in popularity, and remains primarily a research tool. Plan 9 has been criticized as "seem[ing] to function mainly as a device for generating interesting papers on operating-systems research."^[7] Eric S. Raymond in his book The Art of Unix Programming speculates on Plan 9's lack of acceptance:

Other critics of Plan 9 include those critical of Unix in general, where Plan 9 is considered the epitome of the "Worse is better" school of operating system design. Common criticisms include the relative lack of "polish" and development in Plan 9's windowing system^[8] and Plan 9's relative lack of maturity as a commercial-grade body of software.^[9]

Plan 9 proponents and developers claim that the problems hindering its adoption have been solved, and its original goals as a distributed system, development environment, and research platform have been met, and that it enjoys moderate but growing popularity. Inferno, through its hosted capabilities, has been a vehicle to bring Plan 9 technologies to other systems as part of heterogeneous computing grids.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

License

Related work

Inferno

Plan 9 from User Space

"Plan 9 from User Space" (or plan9port or p9p) is a port of most of the notable Plan 9 libraries and applications to Unix-like operating systems.

Plan 9 from Bell Labs

Contents

History

Overview

All resources as files

Unicode support

Research team

Design concepts

Filesystems, files, and names

Union directories

/proc

/net

Networking and distributed computing

Implementations

Impact

License

Related work

Inferno

Plan 9 from User Space

See also

Standard Plan 9 utilities

Implementation artifacts

Influenced

References

External links

Bell Labs

Lectures

Other