Article on other languages:
- Kensonenn_drekkevig_dre_fic'hal_mouezhiet
- Znělá_postalveolární_afrikáta
- Stimmhafte_postalveolare_Affrikate
- Consonne_affriquée_post-alvéolaire_voisée
- Zvučna_postalveolarna_afrikata
- Affricata_postalveolare_sonora
- עיצור_בתר-מכתשי_מחוכך_קולי
- 有声後部歯茎破擦音
- Spółgłoska_zwarto-szczelinowa_zadziąsłowa_dźwięczna
- Consoană_africată_postalveolară_sonoră
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| IPA – number | 104 (135) |
| IPA – text | d͡ʒ |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | ʤ |
| X-SAMPA | dZ |
| Kirshenbaum | dZ |
| Sound sample | |
The voiced palato-alveolar affricate, also described as voiced domed postalveolar affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is d͡ʒ (formerly ʤ), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is [dZ]. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ǰ, ǧ, ǯ, and dž. It is familiar to English speakers as the j sound in jump.
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Features
Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then directing it through a groove in the tongue and over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the front of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the body of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation type is voiced, which means it is produced while vibrating the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | example needed | -- | -- | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Albanian | xham | [d͡ʒam] | 'glass' | ||
| Amharic | እንጀራ | [ɨnd͡ʒəra] | 'injera' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[1] | جرس | [d͡ʒaras] | 'bell' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern | ջուր | [d͡ʒur] | 'water' | |
| Western | ճանճ | [d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ] | 'fly' | ||
| Chechen | джерво/? | [d͡ʒjerwo] | 'previously married woman' | ||
| Coptic | ϫⲉ | [d͡ʒe] | 'that' | ||
| Croatian | džep | [d͡ʒep] | 'pocket' | ||
| Czech | léčba | [lɛːd͡ʒba] | 'treatment' | See Czech phonology | |
| English | jump | [ˈd͡ʒʌmp] | 'jump' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | manĝaĵo | [maɳd͡ʒaʒo] | 'food' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Faroese | gestir | [ˈd͡ʒɛstɪɹ] | 'guests' | ||
| French | djinn | [d͡ʒin] | 'djinn' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[2] | ჯიბე | [d͡ʒibɛ] | 'pocket' | ||
| German | Dschungel | [d͡ʒʊŋəl] | 'jungle' | See German phonology | |
| Goemai | [d͡ʒaːn] | 'twins' | |||
| Hindi | जाना | [d͡ʒɑːnɑː] | 'to go' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | lándzsa | [laːnd͡ʒɒ] | 'spear' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[3] | gemma | [ˈd͡ʒɛmːa] | 'gem' | See Italian phonology | |
| Kabyle | lj̗Iran | [ld͡ʒiran] | 'the neighbors' | ||
| Kyrgyz | жаман | [d͡ʒaman] | 'bad' | ||
| Macedonian | џемпер | [ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr] | 'sweater' | ||
| Manchu | ? | [d͡ʒuwe] | 'two' | ||
| Occitan | Languedocien | jove | [ˈd͡ʒuβe] | 'young' | |
| Provençal | [ˈd͡ʒuve] | ||||
| Ojibwe | ? | [iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ] | 'brother' | See Ojibwe phonology | |
| Pashto | جګ | [d͡ʒeg] | 'high' | ||
| Persian | ﺎﺠﮐ | [kod͡ʒɒ] | 'where' | See Persian phonology | |
| Portuguese | Brazilian[4] | grande | [gɾɐ̃d͡ʒi] | 'great' | See Portuguese phonology |
| Romanian | ger | [d͡ʒer] | 'frost' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Sardinian | Campidanese | géneru | [ˈd͡ʒɛneru] | 'son-in-law' | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Dia | [d͡ʒia] | 'God' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | džem | [d͡ʒɛ̝m] | 'jam' | ||
| Slovak | džús | [d͡ʒuːs] | 'juice' | ||
| Somali | joog | [d͡ʒoːg] | 'stop' | See Somali phonology | |
| Spanish | yo (emphatic) | [d͡ʒo] | 'I' | ||
| Turkish | yatırımcı | [jät̪ɯɾɯmd͡ʒɯ] | 'investor' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Turkmen | jar | [d͡ʒär] | 'ravine' | ||
| Ubykh | /amd͡ʒan/ | '?' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
See also
References
- ^ Watson (2002:16)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
Bibliography
- Barbosa, Plínio A. & Eleonora C. Albano (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227-232
- Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
- Shosted, Ryan K. & Chikovani Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264
- Watson, Janet (2002), written at New York, The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, Oxford University Press
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