Article on other languages:
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- অঘোষ_পশ্চাদ্দন্তমূলীয়_ঊষ্মধ্বনি
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- 無声後部歯茎摩擦音
- Spółgłoska_szczelinowa_zadziąsłowa_bezdźwięczna
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- Tonlös_postalveolar_frikativa
- 清齦後擦音
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| Add to OnlyWire |
| IPA – number | 134 |
| IPA – text | ʃ |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | ʃ |
| X-SAMPA | S |
| Kirshenbaum | S |
| Sound sample | |
The voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or domed postalveolar fricative (IPA [ʃ]) is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
The sound occurs in many languages and, as in English, Italian and French, where it may have simultaneous lip rounding ([ʃʷ]), although this is rarely indicated.
Contents |
Symbol
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is <ʃ>, the letter esh introduced by Isaac Pitman (not to be confused with the integral sign ∫), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is S. An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is š, an s with háček, originating with the Czech alphabet of Jan Hus (also used in Gaj's Latin alphabet as well as scientific and ISO 9 transliterations of Cyrillic).
Features
Features of the voiceless postalveolar fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is produced by directing air flow through a groove in the tongue at the place of articulation and directing it over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the front of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the body of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | shtëpi | [ʃtəpi] | 'house' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[1] | شمس | [ʃams] | 'sun' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | քաշ | [kaʃ] | 'weight' | ||
| Basque | kaixo | [kaiʃo] | 'hello' | ||
| Bulgarian | юнашки | [junaʃki] | 'heroically' | ||
| Croatian | šuma | [ʃûma] | 'forest' | ||
| Czech | kaše | [kaʃɛ] | 'mash' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch[2] | sjabloon | [ʃabloːn] | 'template' | May be [sʲ] instead. See Dutch phonology | |
| English | sheep | [ʃiːp] | 'sheep' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | ŝelko | [ʃelko] | 'suspenders' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Faroese | sjúkrahús | [ʃʉukrahʉus] | 'hospital' | ||
| French[3] | cher | [ʃɛʁ] | 'dear, expensive' | See French phonology | |
| Galician | viaxe | [bjaʃe] | 'way' | ||
| Georgian[4] | შარი | [ˈʃɑɾi] | 'quibbling' | ||
| German | schön | [ʃøːn] | 'beautiful' | See German phonology | |
| Hebrew | שלום | [ʃalom] | 'peace' | See Hebrew phonology | |
| Hungarian | segítség | [ʃɛgiːtʃeːg] | 'help' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Ilokano | siák | [ʃak] | 'I' | ||
| Irish | sí | [ʃiː] | 'she' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[5] | fasce | [ˈfaʃʃe] | 'bands' | See Italian phonology | |
| Kabardian | шыд | [ʃɛd] | 'donkey' | Contrasts with a labialized form | |
| Kabyle | ciwer | [ʃiwər] | 'to consult' | ||
| Latvian | šalle | [ˈʃalle] | 'scarf' | ||
| Lingala | shakú | [ʃakú] | 'Afrikan gray parrot' | ||
| Lithuanian | šarvas | [ˈʃarvas] | 'armor' | ||
| Maltese | x'ismek | [ʃismek] | 'what is your name?' | ||
| Norwegian | Bokmål | sky | [ʃyː] | 'cloud' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Nynorsk | sjukehus | [ˈʃʉːkeˈhʉːs] | 'hospital' | ||
| Occitan | Auvergnat | maissant | [meˈʃɔ̃] | 'bad' | |
| Limousin | son | [ʃũ] | 'his' | ||
| Gascon | maishant | [maˈʃan] | 'bad' | ||
| Portuguese[6] | cheirar | [ʃeiˈɾaɾ] | 'to smell' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Romani | Vlax | deš | [deʃ] | 'ten' | |
| Romanian | şefi | [ʃefʲ] | 'bosses' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | seinn | [ʃeiɲ] | 'sing' | ||
| Serbian | двориште/dvorište | [ˈdʋɔriʃtɛ] | 'courtyard' | ||
| Slovenian | šóla | [ʃola] | 'school' | ||
| Somali | shan | [ʃan] | 'five' | See Somali phonology | |
| Spanish[7] | Andalusian Spanish | chico | [ˈʃiko̞] | 'boy' | |
| Chilean Spanish | chileno | [ʃi'le̞no̞] | 'Chilean' | ||
| Swahili | kushoto | [kuʃoto] | 'trees' | ||
| Tagalog | siya | [ʃa] | 'he/she' | ||
| Tunica | šíhkali | [ˈʃihkali] | 'stone' | ||
| Turkish | güneş | [gyˈneʃ] | 'sun' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Urdu | شکریہ | [ʃʊkriːaː] | 'thank you' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Welsh | Standard | siarad | [ˈʃɑrad] | 'speak' | |
| Southern dialects | mis | [miːʃ] | 'month' | ||
| Zhuang | cib | [ʃǐp] | 'ten' | ||
| Western Lombard | Canzés | fescia | [feʃa] | 'nuisance' | |
The sound in Russian denoted by <ш> is commonly transcribed as a postalveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.
See also
References
Bibliography
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90-94
- Rogers, Derek & Luciana d'Arcangeli (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
- Shosted, Ryan K. & Chikovani Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37-41
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas & Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
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