Yorgia:

Yorgia waggoneri Ivantsov, 1999^[1] is a member of the Ediacara biota, and resembles a cross between the organisms Dickinsonia and Spriggina. It has a low, segmented body consisting of a short wide "head", no appendages, and a long body region, reaching a maximum length of 25 cm. It is classified into an extinct animal phylum, the Protarticulata,^[2] a phylum roughly as unrelated to extant (non-sponge) animals as the sponges.^[3]

Morphology

The body plan of the Yorgia and other proarticulates is unusual for solitary (non-colonial) metazoans. These bilateral organisms have a segmented metameric body, but left and right segments (isomers) are organized in an alternating pattern relatively to the axis of the body – they are not direct mirror images. This phenomenon is described as the symmetry of gliding reflection. Some proarticulates demonstrate obvious asymmetry of left and right parts of the body. Yorgia’s initial right isomer is the only one which spreads far towards the left side of the body. ^[2] ^[4] This lack of true bilateral symmetry, along with other considerations, has led some scientists to suspect that the organism falls in a sister group to the eumetazoa (i.e. all animals except the sponges and a few other oddballs).^[3]

Fossil record

Imprints of the Yorgia waggoneri has been found in the rocks of Vendian period (Ediacaran) White sea region of Russia, dated around 555.5 Ma. and Yorgia sp. has been found in the Central Urals ^[5] of Russia and Flinders Ranges, Australia.^[6] Most body imprints of Yorgia have in the past been primarily preserved on the sole of sandstone beds in negative relief. Other Yorgia fossils show internal structure in the original organism, showing two symmetrical rows of nodules, a central tube, rib like tubes, and a semicircular shape with a hole in the circle centre positioned towards the head end. This structure has been interpreted as the impression of gonads, intestine and mouth.^{[verification needed]}

Trace fossils

Some fossils appear as chains of positive imprints, terminated by the negative imprint of the animal. Such positive imprints are confined to the "elephant skin" surface texture that is interpreted as the remains of a microbial film. They have been interpreted as the feeding tracks produced as Yorgia fed on the surface of the microbial mat that lined the sea floor. Grazing of that bacterial film could have been accomplished by the work of numerous hair-like organs, cilia, located on the ventral side of the body, which directed micro-organisms to the central groove of Yorgia. A chevron-like fabric on the positive imprints has been taken as evidence of this activity.^[7] ^[4] This feeding habit is unknown in post-Cambrian deposits, but the late Cambrian ichnogenus Climactichnites] appears to reflect similar behaviour.^[7]

Taphonomic details revealed in Yorgia due to its large size allow interpretation of the chains of positive imprints of other proarticulates as grazing traces, as opposed to trails created as organisms were swept along the sea floor by currents. In addition to Yorgia, two fossil taxa, Epibaion and Phyllozoon, seem to have produced similar grazing traces. Small groups of positive body imprints are documented for Dickinsonia costata as well and Dickinsonia cf. tenuis.^[7] ^[8]

References

^ Ivantsov, A.Y. (1999). "A New Dickinsonid from the Upper Vendian of the White Sea Winter Coast (Russia, Arkhangelsk Region)". Paleonological Journal 33 (3): 233-241.
^ ^a ^b Ivantsov, A.Y. (2001). "Vendia and Other Precambrian "Arthropods"". Paleonological Journal 35 (4): 335-343, http://www.vend.paleo.ru/pub/Ivantsov_2001.pdf.
^ ^a ^b Buss, L.W. and Seilacher, A. (1994). "The Phylum Vendobionta: A Sister Group of the Eumetazoa?". Paleobiology 20 (1): 1–4. ISSN 0094-8373, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0094-8373%28199424%2920%3A1%3C1%3ATPVASG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F. Retrieved on 21 June 2007.
^ ^a ^b Ivantsov, A.Y. (2004) "Vendian Animals in the Phylum Proarticulata". The Rise and Fall of the Vendian Biota. IGSP Project 493. Abstracts. Prato, Italy, p. 52.
^ Grazhdankin D. V.; Maslov A. V., Mustill T. M. R.& Krupenin M. T. (2005). "The Ediacaran White Sea Biota in the Central Urals". Doklady Earth Sciences 401 (6): 784–788.
^ Droser, M.; Gehling, J. & Jensen, S. (2006). "Assemblage palaeoecology of the Ediacara biota: The unabridged edition?". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 232: 131-147, http://www.earthscience.ucr.edu/people/droser/Droser_et_2006.pdf.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ivantsov, A.Y.; Malakhovskaya, Y.E. (2002). "Giant Traces of Vendian Animals". Doklady Earth Sciences 385 (6): 618–622, http://vend.paleo.ru/pub/Ivantsov_et_Malakhovskaya_2002-e.pdf.
^ Retallack, G.J. (2007). "Growth, decay and burial compaction of Dickinsonia, an iconic Ediacaran fossil". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 31 (3): 215–240, http://www.informaworld.com/index/781217204.pdf.

Yorgia

Contents

Morphology

Fossil record

Trace fossils

References